A new anesthetic substance is assessed

Morton administered ether while Warren operated on Abbott at Massachusetts General Hospital.

Abbott was the patient in a highly publicized demonstration; earlier ether procedures also existed.

The public operation helped spread the use of inhaled anesthesia in surgery.

The demonstration showed that ether could reduce pain; the quality and completeness of Abbott’s anesthesia have been debated.

At a gathering in Edinburgh, Simpson, Keith and Duncan inhaled chloroform and observed its anesthetic effects.

The testing involved several participants; its subsequent publicity focused heavily on Simpson.

The 4 November episode concerned preliminary self-testing, not a documented operation on a patient.

After Snow presented evidence about cholera cases, the local authorities disabled the water pump.

The removal was a public-health response to a concentrated Soho outbreak.

His household interviews and mapping supplied evidence for the decision to stop using the pump.