Shakuntala Devi also writes on society

She needed special permission to attend classes held at an all-white school, exposing how law restricted scientific careers.

She left engineering management for equal-opportunity work aimed at improving hiring and promotion routes.

The Indian mental calculator became internationally famous for rapidly performing difficult arithmetic without electronic aids.

Her demonstrations made large-number operations visible and exciting to mass audiences across many countries.

She built authority outside a conventional academic research path, raising questions about mental skill, education and mathematical culture.

West became a mathematician and programmer whose geodetic models contributed to the technology underlying GPS.

She used satellite observations and numerical computation to refine an oblate, irregular model of the planet.

Orbit calculations, error correction and large datasets were essential long before a navigation device could report a position.

West's contribution remained little known publicly for decades, illustrating how technical teamwork can hide key individuals.

The large electronic computer demonstrated that many numerical procedures could be executed at unprecedented speed.