The paper questions European ownership of graph theory

The author distinguishes context-based arithmetic using objects and names from later procedures enabled by numeral systems.

Claims about advanced Vedic mathematics are tested against the chronological evidence for scripts, symbols and operations.

Separating evidence from nationalist or colonial myths helps identify when distinctive developments actually occurred.

Published on 7 April 2024, the paper examines continuous-line designs as Indigenous mathematical knowledge.

Continuity, cyclicity and symmetry appear in traditions transmitted through performance and teaching.

The study treats drawings as cultural, narrative and mathematical practices rather than extracting patterns from their social meaning.

The paper examines Sanskrit verses and mathematical rationales for corrections that accelerate an infinite series for pi.

Correction terms produced strikingly accurate approximations with fewer terms than the uncorrected alternating series.

The author distinguishes numerical success from the strength of surviving explanations, avoiding both dismissal and uncritical celebration.

Madhava's work predates the European association of the series with Gregory and Leibniz, while later traditions developed in different contexts.