Women participate in mourning and protest

Commandos seized Khomeini in Qom and transferred him to prison in Tehran after his Ashura speech.

News of Khomeini’s arrest triggered mass protests in Tehran, Qom, Varamin, Shiraz and other locations.

Merchants, workers and religious networks closed shops and joined demonstrations, showing the political power of bazaar-mosque organization.

The army and police used lethal force. Casualty estimates remain disputed, but the repression became a foundational memory for supporters of the revolution.

Villagers and religious supporters from Varamin moved toward the capital and were confronted by security forces.

Demonstrations persisted after the initial shootings while the government imposed tighter military control.

Supporters later described the uprising as the beginning of the movement that culminated in February 1979.

After months of imprisonment and house arrest, Khomeini returned to Qom and resumed public opposition.

His return demonstrated that detention had increased rather than eliminated his authority among religious and bazaar networks.

Legislation extended legal immunities to American military personnel and advisers. Opponents called it capitulation because Iranian courts lost jurisdiction.