The ANC and PAC begin a joint conference in Harare

Delegates demanded removal of obstacles to negotiation, retained sanctions pressure and called 1991 a year of mass action.

The movement gave De Klerk a list of officers it believed had participated in township attacks, making state accountability central to negotiations.

The Durban summit called for political tolerance and effective peacekeeping after severe conflict between supporters of the two movements.

The accord affirmed peaceful protest and specified steps for suspending armed action while negotiations advanced.

The human-rights lawyer died when he opened a disguised Walkman bomb intended for former police captain Dirk Coetzee.

Facing an ANC ultimatum, the president proposed including Black opposition figures in government and amending repressive laws.

A central pillar of apartheid racial classification was removed, though the structures and inequalities built upon it remained.

Delegates rebuilt the legal mass organization and prepared it for negotiations and electoral politics.

Mandela succeeded Oliver Tambo, while Walter Sisulu became deputy president and Cyril Ramaphosa secretary-general.

After revelations of secret state funding for Inkatha, the ANC called for ministers to resign and covert counter-insurgency structures to be dismantled.