The ANC opens its first national conference inside South Africa since 1959

The accord affirmed peaceful protest and specified steps for suspending armed action while negotiations advanced.

The human-rights lawyer died when he opened a disguised Walkman bomb intended for former police captain Dirk Coetzee.

The two liberation movements discussed cooperation under mediation by Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe.

Facing an ANC ultimatum, the president proposed including Black opposition figures in government and amending repressive laws.

A central pillar of apartheid racial classification was removed, though the structures and inequalities built upon it remained.

Mandela succeeded Oliver Tambo, while Walter Sisulu became deputy president and Cyril Ramaphosa secretary-general.

After revelations of secret state funding for Inkatha, the ANC called for ministers to resign and covert counter-insurgency structures to be dismantled.

Delegates debated the armed movement's role in a negotiated transition and called for a formal ceasefire.

Parties, unions, religious bodies and civic organizations agreed to codes of conduct and monitoring mechanisms intended to reduce political violence.

Dozens of anti-apartheid organizations called for an elected constituent assembly and an interim government to manage the transition.