📅 16 December 1961
A series of sabotage actions marked the public emergence of Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), formed by activists associated with the ANC and South African Communist Party. The early campaign targeted...
📅 11 Januari 1962
Mandela travelled abroad to seek support for the struggle, build links with African governments and liberation movements, and arrange military training for MK recruits. His trip reflects the growing...
📅 18 Augustus 1967
The ANC's armed wing MK and ZIPRA, the armed wing of ZAPU, announced a formal military alliance during the Wankie campaign period. The partnership reflected shared strategic interests and the regional...
📅 16 December 1969
Oliver Tambo used the anniversary broadcast to call for renewed organisation inside South Africa and coordinated action across exile, underground and mass structures. The message reflected the ANC's...
📅 6 April 1979
Mahlangu was hanged after conviction in a politically charged murder trial following his 1977 arrest with other returning ANC members. The judge accepted he had not personally fired the fatal shots...
📅 1 Juni 1980
Teams linked to Umkhonto we Sizwe attacked SASOL I, NATREF and SASOL II during the night of 31 May to 1 June, timed to coincide with Republic Day. The operation damaged fuel infrastructure and...
📅 8 Januari 1984
In his January 8 statement marking the ANC’s anniversary, Oliver Tambo described the struggle through four connected pillars: underground ANC organising, united mass action, MK’s armed offensive and...
📅 16 Juni 1985
The ANC conference opened in Kabwe on the ninth anniversary of the Soweto uprising and continued through 25 June. It reviewed strategy since Morogoro and opened the National Executive Committee to...
📅 6 Augustus 1990
The agreement addressed political prisoners, exiles, security laws and the ANC’s suspension of armed action. The ANC entered this step while the apartheid state and homeland administrations retained...
