Free mulatta Francisca González secures a half lot

The Caracas cabildo record identifies Salvador, a Black man, as a public town crier. The brief entry offers evidence of an African-descended person performing a visible civic role, while the record...

During preparations to pacify Nirgua, Captain Juan Pérez Hurtado contributed three enslaved people. The cabildo record situates enslaved labor within colonial military expansion against Indigenous...

Caracas cabildo records discussed lots given to Black and mulatto residents and later listed lots they purchased. The minutes offer evidence of Black and mixed-race residents making claims to urban...

Caracas cabildo minutes recorded an enslaved Black woman belonging to Andrés García as suffering from Hansen’s disease, then called the disease of Saint Lazarus. The brief entry places a woman’s...

A Cocorote mine register recorded a birth on 9 August 1643 in a ledger titled “Memoria de los negros y negras que nacen en mi tiempo.” The child’s name is not preserved in the published summary. The...

The Cocorote mine record of births lists a child born on 15 May 1646. No name or details of the parents survive in the published summary. Read alongside the other dated entries in the same register,...

A Caracas cabildo report supported Ana de Guevara, identified as a free Black woman, in her request for a plot of land. The council granted her half a lot. Her case records a free Black woman...

Juana de Villanueva, identified in Caracas records as a free Black woman, petitioned the cabildo for a portion of a lot. Her request appears in the same set of municipal records that register other...

A Caracas officer reported that on 4 June an enslaved man belonging to alcalde Pedro Hurtado Monasterios delivered a paper warning that thirteen enemy ships were expected on the coast. The cabildo...

A census of the Chama Valley listed enslaved people by estate and recorded marriages, children, and family ties. It also noted spouses living in Mérida or on another property, showing how ownership...