Colonial authorities carried out the death sentence in Caracas’s Plaza Mayor, publicly hanging and dismembering España. His head and body parts were sent to La Guaira and other places named in the sentence for display. Public punishment attempted to make the cost of rebellion visible. The suppression followed a movement whose proposed abolition still compensated slaveholders, and occurred amid the capture and punishment of people described in colonial records as Black, pardo, and Indigenous. The event shows colonial state violence being deployed against both political dissent and people who assisted insurgents.
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José María España’s execution was private and without public display.
The execution was public, and his remains were displayed at locations named in the sentence.