Maroons appear alongside Indigenous fighters

Heijnsius reports that attacks continue, sugar production has almost stopped and many enslaved Africans are fleeing plantations. Their departure undermines the forced labour on which the colony...

Eight canoes carrying about 250 Arawaks under the leadership of Warray arrive from Berbice. The Dutch government wants to deploy them against Carib fighters. Hira shows that the Arawaks did not simply...

The Arawaks return without carrying out the attack on the Caribs that the Dutch wanted. Colonial accounts call this unwillingness; the events also point to independent diplomacy and a relationship...

Heijnsius writes that Indigenous attacks are increasing and that many Africans are fleeing plantations. Together, Indigenous military pressure and African marronage weaken the plantation colony’s...

Colonial documents report that hundreds of Indigenous people are on the occupier’s side or are being recruited. Hira describes cooperation, rivalry and constrained choices as part of a complex war....

Indigenous fighters burn a house and sugar works; the following day a provision ground is also attacked. These actions affect both colonial production and food supplies. The reports describe damage,...

Heijnsius estimates that hundreds of enslaved Africans have escaped, possibly about a quarter of the population held on plantations. This is a colonial estimate, not a complete count. Mass marronage...

Isaac Meza asks permission to take the remaining enslaved people and goods to Barbados. He says many people have been seized or have gone over to the Indigenous enemy. The letter shows Africans...

Indigenous fighters attack Acaribo with help from Africans who had escaped the plantation. Their cooperation connects resistance to colonial occupation with resistance to slavery. The colonial...

Governor Heijnsius dies. His death comes as the occupation is under pressure and colonial authorities are trying to restore military control. The struggle does not end with one governor: resistance...