TUC resolutions begin sustained anti-racism debate

Article 119 (now Article 157 TFEU) commits member states to equal pay for women and men for equal work or work of equal value.

The founding treaty creates an equal-pay commitment, an early regional standard for employers and governments.

The order requires federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure applicants are employed and treated without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.

The law prohibits sex-based wage differences for substantially equal work in the same establishment, setting a measurable employer obligation.

Title VII bars employment discrimination by covered employers on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and establishes the EEOC.

The agency starts enforcing Title VII, demonstrating the importance of a designated accountability body and accessible complaint route.

Federal contractors must take affirmative action and avoid discrimination; the order later becomes a key framework for contractor compliance.

Women organize for equal rights in employment, promotion, education, and public life; its platform presses employers and government to address structural barriers.

The Act bars age discrimination for workers aged 40 and above, broadening the protected grounds employers must address.

The Act adds protections in housing and public life; its wider equality context supports organizing against discriminatory job access and conditions.