National Labor Relations Act protects collective bargaining

Founders organize a national civil-rights organization that challenges racial discrimination, including barriers in employment.

The organization works to expand economic opportunity for Black Americans; it later develops employer-facing workforce programs.

A. Philip Randolph organizes Black railroad porters into a union, building worker power against low wages and racial exclusion.

A. Philip Randolph’s threatened march helps secure a federal order prohibiting discrimination in defense employment and creating a Fair Employment Practices Committee.

Although focused on the military, the order helps establish federal equal-treatment expectations that influence public and private employment debates.

A Trades Union Congress resolution opposes racial discrimination and urges attention to racial friction, an early step before unions built stronger structures. Source specifies the year or period...

Article 119 (now Article 157 TFEU) commits member states to equal pay for women and men for equal work or work of equal value.

The founding treaty creates an equal-pay commitment, an early regional standard for employers and governments.