Article 248bis repealed

The act targeted racial barriers to voting after campaigns led by Black communities and organizers. Its protections were later weakened, showing the continuing struggle over institutions and equal...

The first UK law against racial discrimination banned it in specified public places and created a Race Relations Board. Campaigners criticized its narrow scope, leading to further legislation and...

The act partially decriminalized consensual sex between men over 21 in private in England and Wales. It was a limited reform that left unequal age rules and broad exclusions in place.

Queer and trans people resisted police raids at the Stonewall Inn. The uprising helped catalyze new organizations and public mobilization; trans women and people of color were central but often...

Women activists met to set a shared agenda for liberation, including equal pay, education and childcare. The conference helped build a decentralized movement while debate continued over race,...

Title IX prohibited sex discrimination in federally funded education. Student groups, educators and women’s organizations used it to challenge institutional barriers, while unequal enforcement...

Section 504 prohibited disability discrimination in federally funded programs. Disabled activists later forced the government to issue regulations, demonstrating that rights require organized...

The APA’s board voted to remove homosexuality as a mental disorder after years of organizing by gay and lesbian activists and internal debate. Medical institutions became a site of struggle over who...

The act made sex discrimination unlawful in employment, education and public services and established the Equal Opportunities Commission. It offered a formal complaints route while leaving pay and...

The act extended protection to employment, housing and education, recognized indirect discrimination and established the Commission for Racial Equality. Activists and community groups had pressed...