Women’s active suffrage enters into force

Alice Paul and Lucy Burns formed a new organization that used marches, lobbying and civil disobedience to demand a federal suffrage amendment. Its strategies expanded movement pressure while revealing...

More than a thousand delegates from countries at war and neutral states met to press for peace and women’s participation in international decision-making. The gathering established the International...

The National Woman’s Party began daily pickets demanding a federal suffrage amendment. Arrests and imprisonment made state repression visible and intensified public pressure for voting rights.

The act enfranchised most men over 21 and some women over 30 who met property qualifications. It expanded the electorate but preserved gender and class distinctions that campaigners continued to...

The ILO was created in the postwar settlement with worker, employer and government representation. It made labor conditions an international concern, while migrant, domestic and informal workers...

Suffrage organizers created a civic organization to help women participate in public affairs after the constitutional victory. It institutionalized voter education and reform advocacy, though...

The amendment prohibited denying the vote because of sex after a long suffrage struggle. Many Black, Indigenous and Asian American women still faced racialized barriers to voting, and equal...

The act granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the United States, after centuries of exclusion and federal control. Citizenship did not end tribal sovereignty disputes or guarantee the...

The act equalized voting ages for women and men at 21. The change followed decades of activism and removed a property-linked age distinction that had limited women’s political participation.

Mary McLeod Bethune established a national umbrella organization to coordinate Black women’s clubs and civic action. It built an institutional platform to address employment, education, health and...