International Congress of Women opens in The Hague

Black intellectuals and activists adopted a program opposing segregation and demanding full civil and political equality. The movement helped establish the organizational and ideological groundwork...

The Women’s Social and Political Union organized a major rally attended by tens of thousands. Public spectacle and collective action made suffrage a mass political question and tested the limits of...

The NAACP created a national institution for legal advocacy, research and public campaigning against racial discrimination. Its strategy combined litigation, journalism and grassroots pressure.

Socialist women’s organizations coordinated public demonstrations in several European cities. The day connected suffrage demands to labor conditions and international solidarity rather than treating...

Alice Paul and Lucy Burns formed a new organization that used marches, lobbying and civil disobedience to demand a federal suffrage amendment. Its strategies expanded movement pressure while revealing...

The National Woman’s Party began daily pickets demanding a federal suffrage amendment. Arrests and imprisonment made state repression visible and intensified public pressure for voting rights.

The act enfranchised most men over 21 and some women over 30 who met property qualifications. It expanded the electorate but preserved gender and class distinctions that campaigners continued to...

The ILO was created in the postwar settlement with worker, employer and government representation. It made labor conditions an international concern, while migrant, domestic and informal workers...

The Marchant amendment to the Electoral Act gave women the right to vote. Women’s organizations had campaigned for decades; the first election in which women could actually cast ballots followed in...

Suffrage organizers created a civic organization to help women participate in public affairs after the constitutional victory. It institutionalized voter education and reform advocacy, though...