World Conference Against Racism opens in Durban

The act incorporated European Convention rights into UK law and enabled people to raise rights claims in domestic courts. It expanded legal routes while leaving access to justice uneven.

The treaty gave the European Community authority to act against discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. It laid legal...

The directive prohibited discrimination based on racial or ethnic origin across employment, education, social protection and access to goods and services. It required national enforcement bodies,...

The directive prohibited employment discrimination on grounds including religion or belief, disability, age and sexual orientation. It created a shared legal framework but left implementation...

The Netherlands became the first country to open civil marriage to same-sex couples. This legal change followed LGBTQ organizing and years of public and parliamentary debate; legal equality in...

The repeal removed a law that had restricted local authorities and schools from “promoting homosexuality.” LGBTQ organizations and educators had campaigned against the measure since its introduction.

The law prohibited specified forms of discrimination against people with disabilities or chronic illness, initially in work and vocational education. Disabled people and organizations continued to...

The convention established disability rights in international law, with disabled people’s organizations participating in its drafting. It reframed access and participation as obligations rather than...

The CRPD became binding for states that ratified it. Disabled people’s organizations continue to monitor whether legal commitments produce accessible institutions, independent living and equal...

The Charter consolidated rights including equality and non-discrimination and bound EU institutions and member states when implementing EU law. Its protections depend on jurisdiction and effective...