Southern Christian Leadership Conference formed

Ten states signed the Treaty of London to build cooperation around human rights, democracy and rule of law. Its later institutions created legal avenues for people challenging state discrimination.

The convention established enforceable civil and political rights and a supranational court. Article 14 prohibits discrimination in enjoying convention rights, though coverage is tied to the rights...

The Supreme Court ruled that segregated public schools violated equal protection. Black families, educators and lawyers built a long legal and community campaign; court decisions alone did not...

Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon founded the first lesbian civil and political organization in the United States. The group created community space and a public voice under intense policing and social...

Black residents launched a year-long boycott against segregated transport. Women’s organizing, including Jo Ann Robinson’s work, was central even when later accounts placed male leaders at the center.

The act created the Commission on Civil Rights and a federal civil-rights division. Its limited enforcement reflected political compromise, while movement organizing continued to press for stronger...

The committee report recommended decriminalizing private consensual homosexual acts between adult men and reforming prostitution law. It brought a once-taboo issue into official debate but did not...

Student activists met at Shaw University and formed SNCC as an independent organization. Ella Baker encouraged youth leadership and decentralized organizing rather than a movement centered only on...

The book questioned the narrow postwar ideal of women’s domestic fulfillment and helped energize second-wave feminism. Black, working-class and lesbian feminists later challenged its limited account...

A coalition of labor, civil-rights, faith and community groups demanded jobs, freedom and federal action. Bayard Rustin organized the march; women leaders and economic justice demands were often...