Nineteenth Amendment ratified

The National Woman’s Party began daily pickets demanding a federal suffrage amendment. Arrests and imprisonment made state repression visible and intensified public pressure for voting rights.

The act enfranchised most men over 21 and some women over 30 who met property qualifications. It expanded the electorate but preserved gender and class distinctions that campaigners continued to...

The ILO was created in the postwar settlement with worker, employer and government representation. It made labor conditions an international concern, while migrant, domestic and informal workers...

The Marchant amendment to the Electoral Act gave women the right to vote. Women’s organizations had campaigned for decades; the first election in which women could actually cast ballots followed in...

Suffrage organizers created a civic organization to help women participate in public affairs after the constitutional victory. It institutionalized voter education and reform advocacy, though...

The act granted US citizenship to Native Americans born in the United States, after centuries of exclusion and federal control. Citizenship did not end tribal sovereignty disputes or guarantee the...

The act equalized voting ages for women and men at 21. The change followed decades of activism and removed a property-linked age distinction that had limited women’s political participation.

Mary McLeod Bethune established a national umbrella organization to coordinate Black women’s clubs and civic action. It built an institutional platform to address employment, education, health and...

President Roosevelt’s order prohibited racial discrimination by defense contractors after A. Philip Randolph and labor allies threatened a mass march. It created a Fair Employment Practice...

The GI Bill expanded education, housing and employment support for veterans. Racial discrimination in administration and segregated institutions sharply limited Black veterans’ access to its benefits.