Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal Company

The conference adopted a ten-point communiqué affirming sovereignty, racial equality, non-intervention, peaceful cooperation, and support for dependent peoples. It challenged the assumption that...

The Paris Agreements ended the Allied occupation regime in West Germany and enabled its entry into NATO. The move consolidated the Western bloc and military rearmament in Europe, while Germany...

The Soviet Union and seven Eastern European states signed the Warsaw Pact, formalizing a military bloc in response to West Germany’s NATO membership. The alliance deepened Europe’s division into rival...

France recognized Moroccan independence after years of nationalist organizing, strikes, and resistance to protectorate rule. Sultan Mohammed V returned from exile in 1955, and negotiations...

France recognized Tunisia’s independence after a long campaign by the Neo-Destour movement and years of negotiation and resistance. Habib Bourguiba became prime minister. Independence ended the...

Israel invaded Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, followed by British and French attacks framed as intervention to secure the canal. Egypt resisted the assault, and international pressure and UN action...

A ceasefire took effect after UN diplomacy and pressure from the United States and Soviet Union forced Britain, France, and Israel to stop military operations and withdraw. The crisis marked a shift...

The former Gold Coast became independent as Ghana, with Kwame Nkrumah as prime minister. The transition followed decades of organizing by workers, veterans, women, and political movements, including...

Malaya became independent after negotiations between the British government, the Alliance coalition, and Malay rulers. Independence arrived during the Malayan Emergency, when colonial authorities used...

In a referendum on Charles de Gaulle’s proposed French Community, Guinean voters overwhelmingly rejected continued association with France. Sékou Touré’s campaign made the vote a direct choice for...