British Mandate ends as Israel declares statehood

The end of British rule created the states of India and Pakistan amid hurried border drawing, mass migration, and communal violence. Millions crossed newly imposed borders; many were killed,...

Two days after independence, the Radcliffe boundary awards were made public, dividing Punjab and Bengal between India and Pakistan. Many residents learned which state they would live in only after the...

The UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 181, recommending partition of British-ruled Palestine into Arab and Jewish states with an international regime for Jerusalem. Palestinian Arabs, who made up...

Burma became independent outside the British Commonwealth after a mass nationalist struggle and the wartime resistance led by the Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League. Independence did not resolve...

Ceylon gained independence as a Dominion within the Commonwealth. The transfer left substantial constitutional and economic ties to Britain and did not dismantle plantation structures built through...

The Nakba—catastrophe—describes the mass displacement and dispossession of Palestinians during the 1948 war. By this point, hundreds of thousands had been driven from or fled their homes; villages...

The UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, affirming rights and dignity for all people. Yet colonial powers continued governing millions without equal political rights,...

The United States, Canada, and ten Western European states signed the North Atlantic Treaty. The alliance institutionalized a Cold War bloc and linked European security to U.S. power. Many governments...

The Basic Law took effect in the western occupation zones, establishing the Federal Republic of Germany. The division of Germany reflected postwar occupation and growing Cold War rivalry. European...

Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China in Beijing after decades of revolution, Japanese invasion, and civil war. The Nationalist government retreated to Taiwan. The new state’s...