Allied forces begin the Second Battle of El Alamein

After months of siege, Filipino and U.S. forces on Bataan surrendered to Japan. Thousands of prisoners were forced on a march under extreme heat, hunger, illness, and abuse; many died. Filipino...

The first 29 Navajo recruits arrived for Marine training in May 1942, building a secure communications system from their language. The military depended on Indigenous linguistic knowledge even as...

At Midway, U.S. forces destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers and checked Japan’s rapid expansion. The battle’s strategic importance is clear, but its familiar carrier-centered narrative can...

Allied troops landed on Guadalcanal, beginning a six-month campaign against Japanese forces. Solomon Islanders served as guides, coastwatchers, laborers, and rescuers, often at great personal risk....

The All-India Congress Committee adopted the Quit India resolution in Bombay on 8 August, demanding an end to British rule; Gandhi urged mass nonviolent struggle. British authorities arrested national...

U.S. and British forces landed in Morocco and Algeria under Operation Torch. The campaign unfolded in territories controlled by Vichy France and under French colonial rule. Moroccan and Algerian...

The Red Army launched Operation Uranus, encircling German and allied forces around Stalingrad. Soviet victory drew on the labor, sacrifice, and mobilization of a multiethnic state whose peoples had...

The Allied declaration of 17 December condemned Nazi Germany’s mass murder of Europe’s Jews and promised punishment. It acknowledged reports of systematic killing but did not produce an immediate...

The last German troops in Stalingrad surrendered after months of siege, street fighting, hunger, and extreme cold. Soviet victory turned the eastern front but came at enormous cost to soldiers and...

Jewish resistance organizations began an armed uprising when German forces entered the Warsaw Ghetto to deport its remaining residents. They resisted for nearly a month despite overwhelming German...