Japan proclaims the puppet state of Manchukuo

Chiang Kai-shek's forces and allied armed groups attacked Communist and labor organizations in Shanghai. The purge, remembered as the April 12 Incident or Shanghai Massacre, expanded into...

Fifteen governments signed a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. Britain signed on behalf of parts of its empire, including India, without separate representation for...

A sharp fall in share prices on 24 October was followed by further crashes and a prolonged economic depression. The crisis spread through collapsing trade, credit, and commodity prices....

Mahatma Gandhi and 78 volunteers left Sabarmati Ashram for the coastal village of Dandi to challenge the British salt tax and monopoly. The march turned an everyday necessity into a mass...

An explosion near the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway was used as a pretext for the Kwantung Army to seize cities across Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations, whose inquiry...

President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor through constitutional procedures after political crisis and elite negotiations. Hitler was not directly elected to the office and did...

Japan formally notified the League of Nations that it would withdraw after the League rejected recognition of Manchukuo. The withdrawal followed Japan's occupation of Manchuria and the Lytton inquiry....

Italian forces invaded Ethiopia from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, using superior weapons and chemical agents against a sovereign African state. Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations, whose...

The Arab Higher Committee called a general strike demanding an end to British rule, an end to Jewish immigration and land purchases, and an independent representative government. The strike became the...

Generals leading a coup against Spain's elected Republic began the rebellion in the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco before expanding it to the peninsula. The colonial army included Moroccan troops...