Japanese forces use the Mukden Incident to occupy Manchuria

The Grand National Assembly proclaimed the Republic of Turkey and elected Mustafa Kemal as its first president. The republic emerged from the Ottoman Empire's collapse, foreign occupation, and a...

Chiang Kai-shek's forces and allied armed groups attacked Communist and labor organizations in Shanghai. The purge, remembered as the April 12 Incident or Shanghai Massacre, expanded into...

Fifteen governments signed a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. Britain signed on behalf of parts of its empire, including India, without separate representation for...

A sharp fall in share prices on 24 October was followed by further crashes and a prolonged economic depression. The crisis spread through collapsing trade, credit, and commodity prices....

Mahatma Gandhi and 78 volunteers left Sabarmati Ashram for the coastal village of Dandi to challenge the British salt tax and monopoly. The march turned an everyday necessity into a mass...

Japan announced Manchukuo in occupied Manchuria, presenting a state under the nominal rule of former Qing emperor Puyi. The Lytton Commission later concluded that the new state did not represent a...

President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler chancellor through constitutional procedures after political crisis and elite negotiations. Hitler was not directly elected to the office and did...

Japan formally notified the League of Nations that it would withdraw after the League rejected recognition of Manchukuo. The withdrawal followed Japan's occupation of Manchuria and the Lytton inquiry....

Italian forces invaded Ethiopia from Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, using superior weapons and chemical agents against a sovereign African state. Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations, whose...

The Arab Higher Committee called a general strike demanding an end to British rule, an end to Jewish immigration and land purchases, and an independent representative government. The strike became the...