Nationalist forces begin a violent purge in Shanghai

A revolt against British occupation began in the Middle Euphrates region and spread through rural and urban networks between June and November 1920. Tribal fighters, religious figures, and local...

The Allied powers signed the Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman government, proposing extensive territorial losses, international controls, and new zones of influence. The agreement was never...

Britain ended the formal protectorate and declared Egypt an independent sovereign state on 28 February. It reserved control over imperial communications, defence, foreign residents and minorities, and...

The Lausanne Treaty recognized the borders of the new Turkish state and replaced the unimplemented Treaty of Sèvres. It ended the legal state of war between Turkey and the Allied powers, but did not...

The Grand National Assembly proclaimed the Republic of Turkey and elected Mustafa Kemal as its first president. The republic emerged from the Ottoman Empire's collapse, foreign occupation, and a...

Fifteen governments signed a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. Britain signed on behalf of parts of its empire, including India, without separate representation for...

A sharp fall in share prices on 24 October was followed by further crashes and a prolonged economic depression. The crisis spread through collapsing trade, credit, and commodity prices....

Mahatma Gandhi and 78 volunteers left Sabarmati Ashram for the coastal village of Dandi to challenge the British salt tax and monopoly. The march turned an everyday necessity into a mass...

An explosion near the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway was used as a pretext for the Kwantung Army to seize cities across Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations, whose inquiry...

Japan announced Manchukuo in occupied Manchuria, presenting a state under the nominal rule of former Qing emperor Puyi. The Lytton Commission later concluded that the new state did not represent a...