Britain declares Egyptian independence with major reservations

During the Baisakhi gathering in Amritsar, troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer fired into a trapped crowd that included people attending a festival and people protesting colonial...

Students in Beijing protested the Paris settlement's transfer of Germany's former Shandong privileges to Japan rather than returning them to China. The demonstrations broadened into strikes, boycotts,...

The treaty signed at Versailles on 28 June imposed territorial, military, and financial terms on Germany. It entered into force on 10 January 1920. Germany's overseas colonies were transferred into...

A revolt against British occupation began in the Middle Euphrates region and spread through rural and urban networks between June and November 1920. Tribal fighters, religious figures, and local...

The Allied powers signed the Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman government, proposing extensive territorial losses, international controls, and new zones of influence. The agreement was never...

The Lausanne Treaty recognized the borders of the new Turkish state and replaced the unimplemented Treaty of Sèvres. It ended the legal state of war between Turkey and the Allied powers, but did not...

The Grand National Assembly proclaimed the Republic of Turkey and elected Mustafa Kemal as its first president. The republic emerged from the Ottoman Empire's collapse, foreign occupation, and a...

Chiang Kai-shek's forces and allied armed groups attacked Communist and labor organizations in Shanghai. The purge, remembered as the April 12 Incident or Shanghai Massacre, expanded into...

Fifteen governments signed a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. Britain signed on behalf of parts of its empire, including India, without separate representation for...

A sharp fall in share prices on 24 October was followed by further crashes and a prolonged economic depression. The crisis spread through collapsing trade, credit, and commodity prices....