Treaty of Versailles reshapes Europe while leaving colonial rule intact

On 30 January, the Paris Peace Conference's Supreme Council agreed to allocate former German and Ottoman territories through a League of Nations mandate framework. The language of trusteeship and...

Korean religious and civic leaders read an independence declaration in Seoul as mass demonstrations spread across the peninsula and diaspora communities. Japan's colonial authorities arrested...

After British authorities exiled nationalist leader Saad Zaghloul and other Wafd delegates, protests and strikes spread across Egypt beginning on 9 March. Students, workers, railway employees,...

During the Baisakhi gathering in Amritsar, troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer fired into a trapped crowd that included people attending a festival and people protesting colonial...

Students in Beijing protested the Paris settlement's transfer of Germany's former Shandong privileges to Japan rather than returning them to China. The demonstrations broadened into strikes, boycotts,...

A revolt against British occupation began in the Middle Euphrates region and spread through rural and urban networks between June and November 1920. Tribal fighters, religious figures, and local...

The Allied powers signed the Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman government, proposing extensive territorial losses, international controls, and new zones of influence. The agreement was never...

Britain ended the formal protectorate and declared Egypt an independent sovereign state on 28 February. It reserved control over imperial communications, defence, foreign residents and minorities, and...

The Lausanne Treaty recognized the borders of the new Turkish state and replaced the unimplemented Treaty of Sèvres. It ended the legal state of war between Turkey and the Allied powers, but did not...

The Grand National Assembly proclaimed the Republic of Turkey and elected Mustafa Kemal as its first president. The republic emerged from the Ottoman Empire's collapse, foreign occupation, and a...