UNIA convention proclaims a global Black political program

Allied powers assigned mandates over Iraq and Palestine to Britain and Syria and Lebanon to France. The League framework called mandates a form of tutelage, yet decisions were made without popular...

The treaty formally settled Hungary’s postwar borders, separating territories and millions of Hungarian speakers from the new state. Neighboring states gained land, while minorities on all sides faced...

A broad uprising against British occupation spread from the middle Euphrates, involving tribal, urban, and religious networks. The revolt showed that wartime occupation and mandate rule lacked...

French troops defeated Syrian forces at Maysalun and entered Damascus, ending the independent government proclaimed by the Syrian National Congress. The conquest established French rule under the...

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched non-cooperation, urging people to surrender colonial titles, leave government posts, boycott foreign goods, and build Indian institutions. The campaign...

The treaty proposed severe territorial losses and foreign controls over the Ottoman state, including provisions for Armenian independence and a possible Kurdish region. Turkish nationalist forces...

Polish forces halted the Red Army’s advance toward Warsaw in a battle that reshaped the border struggle in Eastern Europe. The war involved competing national projects, revolutionary ambitions, and...

British officials met in Cairo to decide how to administer territories Britain had occupied or received as mandates. The conference promoted Faisal as ruler of Iraq and Abdullah in Transjordan,...

The peace treaty ended the Polish-Soviet War and set a border that left millions of Ukrainians and Belarusians outside their national republics. The treaty’s terms reflected bargaining among states...

Rif resistance fighters under Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi defeated Spanish colonial forces near Annual. The collapse of Spain’s positions exposed the violence and fragility of its...