Rawalpindi Treaty ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War

At its Zurich congress, the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace condemned peace terms that rewarded victors and denied self-determination. The delegates linked militarism to political...

Shanghai workers, students, and merchants launched a general strike after Beijing police detained students and public opinion demanded action over Shandong. The strike disrupted commerce and helped...

The Versailles settlement stripped Germany of its overseas colonies and placed them under League of Nations mandates administered by victorious powers. The arrangement was described as international...

The treaty imposed territorial losses, military limits, reparations, and war responsibility language on Germany. Colonized peoples and many smaller nations were excluded from equal decision-making....

The Rawalpindi treaty ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War and recognized Afghanistan’s right to conduct its own foreign relations. It followed a British attempt to preserve imperial control over the...

The treaty with Austria recognized the empire’s breakup and established new borders and states. It redrew Central Europe but left ethnic minorities on all sides of new frontiers. The peace...

The Act introduced dyarchy in provincial government and expanded legislative participation, while reserving key powers to British authorities. It followed Indian wartime service, the Rowlatt Act,...

The League of Nations covenant entered into force, promising collective security and a mandate system. The League’s membership excluded major powers at different times, and its mandate structure...

The congress in Damascus declared Syria independent under Faisal, rejecting French and British plans for mandates. The declaration reflected Arab political organizing and wartime promises of...

Right-wing officers and Freikorps units seized Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic. The government fled, but a general strike organized by unions and workers paralyzed the country...