Anglo-Afghan Treaty recognizes Afghanistan’s...

May Fourth Movement rejects the Versailles settlement

4 Mei 1919

Students protested in Beijing after the peace conference transferred former German rights in Shandong to Japan rather than returning them to China. The movement expanded into labor and commercial...

Women’s peace congress critiques the Versailles settlement

12 Mei 1919

At its Zurich congress, the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace condemned peace terms that rewarded victors and denied self-determination. The delegates linked militarism to political...

Workers and merchants in Shanghai expand the May Fourth movement

5 Juni 1919

Shanghai workers, students, and merchants launched a general strike after Beijing police detained students and public opinion demanded action over Shandong. The strike disrupted commerce and helped...

Treaty of Versailles transfers Germany’s colonies into mandates

28 Juni 1919

The Versailles settlement stripped Germany of its overseas colonies and placed them under League of Nations mandates administered by victorious powers. The arrangement was described as international...

Treaty of Versailles imposes peace terms on Germany

28 Juni 1919

The treaty imposed territorial losses, military limits, reparations, and war responsibility language on Germany. Colonized peoples and many smaller nations were excluded from equal decision-making....

👉 Anglo-Afghan Treaty recognizes Afghanistan’s foreign-policy independence Huidig

8 Augustus 1919

The Rawalpindi treaty ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War and recognized Afghanistan’s right to conduct its own foreign relations. It followed a British attempt to preserve imperial control over the...

Rawalpindi Treaty ends the Third Anglo-Afghan War

8 Augustus 1919

Afghanistan and Britain signed the Rawalpindi treaty after fighting on the imperial frontier. The settlement reopened trade and followed a British decision to recognize Afghanistan’s freedom to...

Treaty of Saint-Germain dismantles Austria-Hungary

10 September 1919

The treaty with Austria recognized the empire’s breakup and established new borders and states. It redrew Central Europe but left ethnic minorities on all sides of new frontiers. The peace...

Government of India Act promises limited reform after wartime repression

23 December 1919

The Act introduced dyarchy in provincial government and expanded legislative participation, while reserving key powers to British authorities. It followed Indian wartime service, the Rowlatt Act,...

League of Nations begins work without the United States

10 Januari 1920

The League of Nations covenant entered into force, promising collective security and a mandate system. The League’s membership excluded major powers at different times, and its mandate structure...

Syrian National Congress declares an independent Arab kingdom

8 Maart 1920

The congress in Damascus declared Syria independent under Faisal, rejecting French and British plans for mandates. The declaration reflected Arab political organizing and wartime promises of...

Anglo-Afghan Treaty recognizes Afghanistan’s foreign-policy independence

Personen in deze gebeurtenis

Amanullah Khan

Sir Hamilton Grant

Organisaties in dit Evenement

Emirate of Afghanistan

British India

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