Nationwide hartal launches Rowlatt Satyagraha

Delegates from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the United States met in Paris alongside the peace conference. They called for African participation in government and challenged the transfer of...

Mass demonstrations erupted across Korea under Japanese colonial rule, inspired in part by global talk of self-determination. Japanese authorities violently suppressed the protests. The movement...

British authorities arrested nationalist leaders seeking to present Egypt’s case at the Paris peace conference. Protests, strikes, and rural resistance followed across Egypt, involving students,...

The Imperial Legislative Council passed the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act despite opposition from Indian members. The measure extended wartime emergency powers, including detention without...

A revolutionary government led by Béla Kun declared a Soviet republic after the collapse of the liberal government and amid Allied territorial pressure. It drew support from workers and soldiers but...

Korean activists established a provisional government in exile after the March First uprising. Its founders sought to coordinate independence work across Korea and diaspora communities. The government...

Brigadier Reginald Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed gathering in Amritsar, killing hundreds. The massacre followed repressive wartime laws and protests against detention without trial. It...

Students protested in Beijing after the peace conference transferred former German rights in Shandong to Japan rather than returning them to China. The movement expanded into labor and commercial...

At its Zurich congress, the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace condemned peace terms that rewarded victors and denied self-determination. The delegates linked militarism to political...

Shanghai workers, students, and merchants launched a general strike after Beijing police detained students and public opinion demanded action over Shandong. The strike disrupted commerce and helped...