French forces defeat the Syrian army at Maysalun

The congress in Damascus declared Syria independent under Faisal, rejecting French and British plans for mandates. The declaration reflected Arab political organizing and wartime promises of...

Right-wing officers and Freikorps units seized Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic. The government fled, but a general strike organized by unions and workers paralyzed the country...

Allied powers assigned mandates over Iraq and Palestine to Britain and Syria and Lebanon to France. The League framework called mandates a form of tutelage, yet decisions were made without popular...

The treaty formally settled Hungary’s postwar borders, separating territories and millions of Hungarian speakers from the new state. Neighboring states gained land, while minorities on all sides faced...

A broad uprising against British occupation spread from the middle Euphrates, involving tribal, urban, and religious networks. The revolt showed that wartime occupation and mandate rule lacked...

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched non-cooperation, urging people to surrender colonial titles, leave government posts, boycott foreign goods, and build Indian institutions. The campaign...

The Universal Negro Improvement Association opened its first international convention in New York. Delegates from across the African diaspora debated collective self-determination, racial equality,...

The treaty proposed severe territorial losses and foreign controls over the Ottoman state, including provisions for Armenian independence and a possible Kurdish region. Turkish nationalist forces...

Polish forces halted the Red Army’s advance toward Warsaw in a battle that reshaped the border struggle in Eastern Europe. The war involved competing national projects, revolutionary ambitions, and...

British officials met in Cairo to decide how to administer territories Britain had occupied or received as mandates. The conference promoted Faisal as ruler of Iraq and Abdullah in Transjordan,...