Kapp Putsch is defeated by a workers’ general strike

Afghanistan and Britain signed the Rawalpindi treaty after fighting on the imperial frontier. The settlement reopened trade and followed a British decision to recognize Afghanistan’s freedom to...

The treaty with Austria recognized the empire’s breakup and established new borders and states. It redrew Central Europe but left ethnic minorities on all sides of new frontiers. The peace...

The Act introduced dyarchy in provincial government and expanded legislative participation, while reserving key powers to British authorities. It followed Indian wartime service, the Rowlatt Act,...

The League of Nations covenant entered into force, promising collective security and a mandate system. The League’s membership excluded major powers at different times, and its mandate structure...

The congress in Damascus declared Syria independent under Faisal, rejecting French and British plans for mandates. The declaration reflected Arab political organizing and wartime promises of...

Allied powers assigned mandates over Iraq and Palestine to Britain and Syria and Lebanon to France. The League framework called mandates a form of tutelage, yet decisions were made without popular...

The treaty formally settled Hungary’s postwar borders, separating territories and millions of Hungarian speakers from the new state. Neighboring states gained land, while minorities on all sides faced...

A broad uprising against British occupation spread from the middle Euphrates, involving tribal, urban, and religious networks. The revolt showed that wartime occupation and mandate rule lacked...

French troops defeated Syrian forces at Maysalun and entered Damascus, ending the independent government proclaimed by the Syrian National Congress. The conquest established French rule under the...

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched non-cooperation, urging people to surrender colonial titles, leave government posts, boycott foreign goods, and build Indian institutions. The campaign...