Hungarian Soviet Republic emerges amid postwar disintegration

Irish Volunteers attacked a Royal Irish Constabulary escort at Soloheadbeg, killing two officers and seizing explosives. The action marked the opening of the Irish War of Independence, following years...

Delegates from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and the United States met in Paris alongside the peace conference. They called for African participation in government and challenged the transfer of...

Mass demonstrations erupted across Korea under Japanese colonial rule, inspired in part by global talk of self-determination. Japanese authorities violently suppressed the protests. The movement...

British authorities arrested nationalist leaders seeking to present Egypt’s case at the Paris peace conference. Protests, strikes, and rural resistance followed across Egypt, involving students,...

The Imperial Legislative Council passed the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act despite opposition from Indian members. The measure extended wartime emergency powers, including detention without...

Gandhi called for a nationwide hartal against the Rowlatt Act, bringing shops, workplaces, students, and public meetings into a new form of mass anticolonial protest. The day marked a shift from elite...

Korean activists established a provisional government in exile after the March First uprising. Its founders sought to coordinate independence work across Korea and diaspora communities. The government...

Brigadier Reginald Dyer ordered troops to fire on an unarmed gathering in Amritsar, killing hundreds. The massacre followed repressive wartime laws and protests against detention without trial. It...

Students protested in Beijing after the peace conference transferred former German rights in Shandong to Japan rather than returning them to China. The movement expanded into labor and commercial...

At its Zurich congress, the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace condemned peace terms that rewarded victors and denied self-determination. The delegates linked militarism to political...