Japan presents the Twenty-One Demands to China

Union forces occupied the German port at Lüderitz as part of the campaign against German South-West Africa (today Namibia). South African participation was shaped by imperial allegiance but deeply...

Indian Army units reached France in September 1914 as Britain faced a manpower crisis. Around 1.4 million people from India served in military and support roles across the war, while India also...

Lieutenant-Colonel Manie Maritz defied the Union government’s order to participate in the invasion of German South-West Africa and aligned his force with Germany. The rebellion reflected Afrikaner...

Ottoman naval forces attacked Russian Black Sea ports, drawing the empire into the war on the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary. The conflict opened campaigns in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Sinai,...

After a siege involving Japanese and British forces, the German garrison at Qingdao surrendered. Japan’s occupation of the German concession in China gave Tokyo a stronger position in East Asia. The...

Led by Baptist minister John Chilembwe, insurgents attacked the A.L. Bruce plantation in Nyasaland. The uprising grew from grievances over forced labor, racial discrimination, land, and wartime...

The Indian Corps played a major role in the British attack on Neuve Chapelle, one of the first large offensives on the Western Front. Indian soldiers fought in conditions for which the colonial army...

Ottoman authorities arrested hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople, marking the opening phase of the Armenian genocide. Deportations and mass killing targeted...

British, French, Australian, and New Zealand forces landed on the Gallipoli peninsula in an attempt to force the Dardanelles. Ottoman defenders repelled the campaign after months of fighting. The...

Japan’s ultimatum forced China to accept revised terms after months of negotiations over the Twenty-One Demands. The agreement strengthened Japanese influence in China while provoking public anger and...