Iraqi revolt resists British occupation and mandate plans

The League of Nations covenant entered into force, promising collective security and a mandate system. The League’s membership excluded major powers at different times, and its mandate structure...

The congress in Damascus declared Syria independent under Faisal, rejecting French and British plans for mandates. The declaration reflected Arab political organizing and wartime promises of...

Right-wing officers and Freikorps units seized Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic. The government fled, but a general strike organized by unions and workers paralyzed the country...

Allied powers assigned mandates over Iraq and Palestine to Britain and Syria and Lebanon to France. The League framework called mandates a form of tutelage, yet decisions were made without popular...

The treaty formally settled Hungary’s postwar borders, separating territories and millions of Hungarian speakers from the new state. Neighboring states gained land, while minorities on all sides faced...

French troops defeated Syrian forces at Maysalun and entered Damascus, ending the independent government proclaimed by the Syrian National Congress. The conquest established French rule under the...

Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched non-cooperation, urging people to surrender colonial titles, leave government posts, boycott foreign goods, and build Indian institutions. The campaign...

The Universal Negro Improvement Association opened its first international convention in New York. Delegates from across the African diaspora debated collective self-determination, racial equality,...

The treaty proposed severe territorial losses and foreign controls over the Ottoman state, including provisions for Armenian independence and a possible Kurdish region. Turkish nationalist forces...

Polish forces halted the Red Army’s advance toward Warsaw in a battle that reshaped the border struggle in Eastern Europe. The war involved competing national projects, revolutionary ambitions, and...