Treaty of Saint-Germain dismantles Austria-Hungary

Shanghai workers, students, and merchants launched a general strike after Beijing police detained students and public opinion demanded action over Shandong. The strike disrupted commerce and helped...

The Versailles settlement stripped Germany of its overseas colonies and placed them under League of Nations mandates administered by victorious powers. The arrangement was described as international...

The treaty imposed territorial losses, military limits, reparations, and war responsibility language on Germany. Colonized peoples and many smaller nations were excluded from equal decision-making....

The Rawalpindi treaty ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War and recognized Afghanistan’s right to conduct its own foreign relations. It followed a British attempt to preserve imperial control over the...

Afghanistan and Britain signed the Rawalpindi treaty after fighting on the imperial frontier. The settlement reopened trade and followed a British decision to recognize Afghanistan’s freedom to...

The Act introduced dyarchy in provincial government and expanded legislative participation, while reserving key powers to British authorities. It followed Indian wartime service, the Rowlatt Act,...

The League of Nations covenant entered into force, promising collective security and a mandate system. The League’s membership excluded major powers at different times, and its mandate structure...

The congress in Damascus declared Syria independent under Faisal, rejecting French and British plans for mandates. The declaration reflected Arab political organizing and wartime promises of...

Right-wing officers and Freikorps units seized Berlin in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic. The government fled, but a general strike organized by unions and workers paralyzed the country...

Allied powers assigned mandates over Iraq and Palestine to Britain and Syria and Lebanon to France. The League framework called mandates a form of tutelage, yet decisions were made without popular...