Estate director James Mavor is killed during labor unrest

Balinese forces ambushed the Dutch expedition in what Dutch sources called the “betrayal of Lombok.” That label casts an invasion as Dutch victimhood. The episode followed Dutch intervention in...

After the August ambush, Dutch forces opened a major campaign against Mataram. Dutch accounts cast the operation as restoring order, while it advanced colonial control over Lombok and led to severe...

The ruler of Mataram surrendered after Dutch attacks. Dutch forces seized gold, manuscripts, weapons, and ceremonial objects. The “Lombok treasure” later entered Dutch museums as war booty, showing...

Wilhelmina described a Dutch “moral calling” toward the East Indies. Welfare language promised education and reform but preserved Dutch sovereignty and paternalism. Military campaigns continued to...

Indian and Javanese contract workers stopped work over low pay and labor conditions at the Netherlands Trading Society estate. Their protest challenged a labor regime that replaced slavery with...

Colonial forces opened fire after workers marched to the estate office; many workers were killed and wounded. This violence exposed how the post-emancipation plantation economy enforced labor...

Colonial forces under G.C.E. van Daalen attacked a fortified Alas village whose inhabitants had refused Dutch annexation. The massacre of residents, including women and children, demonstrates how...

Dutch forces landed at Sanur as part of an expedition against the kingdoms of Badung and Tabanan. The campaign followed disputes over colonial demands and advanced direct Dutch control; Balinese...

The rulers and residents of Badung marched from the palace in a final act of resistance and were shot by Dutch forces. The event, remembered as the puputan, should not be reduced to a story of...

Dewa Agung Jambe and followers resisted Dutch troops at Klungkung. The ruler and many members of the court were killed; the Dutch then established direct colonial authority. The event marked conquest,...