British troops land on Java

British forces took Cape Town and the Cape government capitulated, beginning the first British occupation. This changed the colonial administrator but not settler claims over Khoikhoi and San land...

After a British campaign and negotiations, Colombo capitulated. The surrender ended VOC rule in coastal Sri Lanka. The British takeover was another European transfer of colonial power; it did not...

The VOC ceased to exist when its charter expired. The Dutch state took over its debts, possessions, and administrative responsibilities. Company rule ended, but colonial extraction and coercive...

British forces defeated the Batavian garrison near Cape Town. The battle opened the way to British occupation, but the change of European rulers did not end settler land seizure or frontier wars...

After the Blaauwberg defeat and the surrender of part of the defending force, Governor Janssens and the remaining Batavian troops capitulated. British occupation began through an imperial handover...

The colonial capital surrendered during the British invasion. Control of Batavia gave Britain the administrative center, but the population had no meaningful say in the change of sovereignty.

British forces captured Fort Cornelis, breaking the main defensive position of the Dutch-French colonial army on Java. The battle opened the way to British occupation; European military accounts often...

The formal capitulation transferred Java to British rule. Raffles later changed land and trade policies, but British rule remained colonial rule. For island communities it was another externally...

A royal decree barred Dutch ships from being equipped for the Atlantic slave trade. It followed British pressure and did not emancipate people already enslaved or end plantation slavery. Ending the...

The Convention restored many former Dutch possessions but left the Cape and Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice outside Dutch control. European governments negotiated territory without the consent of...