Workers at Cotonifício Crespi begin a wage strike

The republican Penal Code of 1890 made practices described by the state as spiritism, magic, or unauthorized healing punishable under provisions on public order and health. It did not name Candomblé...

The Constitution promulgated on 24 February 1891 created the republican framework but excluded illiterate people and beggars from voting. The text did not name race as a voting criterion, yet the...

O Exemplo began publication in Porto Alegre on 11 December 1892. Produced by Black journalists and community members, it challenged racist representations and reported on the interests,...

Decree 1,637 provided a legal framework for professional unions and associations of workers and employers. It opened one route for collective organization, but legal recognition did not erase state...

On the night of 22 November 1910, sailors seized major warships in Guanabara Bay and demanded an end to corporal punishment, improved conditions, and amnesty. João Cândido Felisberto became a...

During a confrontation near the Mariângela factory in Brás, police shot and killed young shoemaker José I. Martinez. His death intensified an already developing labor conflict. It should be understood...

Two days after Martinez was killed, a crowd gathered outside his home and carried his body across São Paulo toward the Araçá cemetery. Historian Joel Wolfe reports that about 2,000 people, mostly...

The strike movement broadened across workplaces and neighborhoods in São Paulo in mid-July. Contemporary labor organization, neighborhood associations, and anarchist newspapers helped circulate...

Decree 19,433 created the Ministry of Labor, Industry and Commerce, centralizing federal oversight of labor relations and social insurance. The new ministry could recognize and regulate worker...

Decree 19,482 required certain employers and public contractors to show that at least two-thirds of their employees were Brazilian-born. The measure responded to unemployment and shaped the balance...