Clube do Cupim records enslaved people financing escape passages

On 10 July 1884, the province of Amazonas declared enslaved people in its territory free, following Ceará’s provincial abolition. Regional abolition reflected local campaigns and a wider crisis of the...

A second theatrical benefit drew a full audience. Using the proceeds, the Ave Libertas society secured letters of freedom for three enslaved women whose names were not preserved in the newspaper...

On 7 September 1884, Porto Alegre held a public ceremony associated with emancipation and the local Centro Abolicionista. The city’s surviving records document the organized campaign and the public...

At a public festival in Recife’s Teatro Santa Isabel, the society installed a new board, heard speeches and music, and delivered twenty letters of manumission. Leonor Porto presented the documents....

João Ramos and eleven associates founded a secret abolitionist group in Recife, first called Relâmpago and later known as Clube do Cupim. It helped coordinate escapes toward Ceará through routes...

To mark one year since Ceará abolished slavery, Ave Libertas organized a public celebration in Recife with a civic procession, music, religious ceremony, and speeches. At the theater, several...

The Jornal do Recife reported a visit by Joaquim Nabuco to the Ave Libertas board. He brought two letters of manumission, for enslaved women named Isabel and Maria. The episode shows a relationship...

Minutes of the Clube do Cupim record planning an escape operation aboard a vessel carrying 250 sacks of manioc flour toward Macau, Rio Grande do Norte. The cargo could help conceal people from...

Law no. 3,270, enacted on 28 September 1885, regulated gradual extinction and provided freedom for some enslaved people aged 60 or older. Those freed at 60 could be required to provide up to three...

The group’s last recorded session dissolved the Clube do Cupim amid persecution and concern over exposure. Historians caution that the dissolution may have been a protective public gesture: records...