João Ramos and eleven associates founded a secret abolitionist group in Recife, first called Relâmpago and later known as Clube do Cupim. It helped coordinate escapes toward Ceará through routes linking plantations, Recife, ports, and allied communities. Enslaved people were active planners and often contributed money for passage; they were not simply passive recipients of white abolitionists’ assistance.
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How did Clube do Cupim organize?
Clube do Cupim was a public government agency with published statutes.
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It was a clandestine abolitionist network; it operated without formal statutes.