Law 12,711, sanctioned on 29 August 2012, required federal universities and institutes to reserve at least half of admissions places for students from public secondary schools, with subquotas based on income and the racial composition of each state. The law expanded access for Black, Indigenous, and other historically excluded students and reflected decades of advocacy, litigation, and institutional experimentation. It did not erase unequal schooling or guarantee equal experiences on campus; it created a mechanism to confront barriers in higher education.
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What did Law 12,711 establish?
The law created admission reservations, including racial and income subquotas among public-school students.
Law 12,711 ended all educational inequality in Brazil as soon as it was enacted.
It created access measures, but unequal schooling and campus conditions persisted.