On 6 June 1755, a royal law declared Indigenous people in Grão-Pará and Maranhão free, including their persons, property, and commerce. This was a major legal change after generations of Indigenous captivity, raids, and coerced labor. Yet a change in legal status did not automatically restore land, mobility, or autonomy: thousands remained under coercive conditions, and new rules placed colonial officials over their lives and work. At the same time, the Crown promoted the importation of enslaved Africans to expand plantation production. This was not a simple transition from Indigenous to African labor.
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