A record dated 12 May 1862 lists Doris, registered as Theodorus Stam, as manumitted from the government-owned plantation Catharina Sophia. Born in 1808, he had lived most of his life under slavery by the time of release. The record’s occupational category, “Bastiaan (second),” reflects plantation hierarchy; the colonial classification does not convey his own account of work or life.
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