Brazil promulgates a constitution recognizing quilombo land rights

Students protested the imposition of Afrikaans in Black schools and the broader apartheid education system. Police violence and mass resistance turned Soweto into a global symbol of youth-led...

The declaration rejected claims that race determined intellectual or moral capacity and condemned racial discrimination. It challenged pseudoscientific ideas that had justified slavery, colonialism,...

Adopted in Nairobi, the Charter recognized civil, political, economic, social, and peoples’ rights and expressly prohibited slavery in Article 5. Its language placed human dignity and collective...

The Geneva conference reviewed international efforts against racism and racial discrimination, including the persistence of apartheid and colonial legacies. Its debates showed that formal bans on...

After the required ratifications, the Charter became binding for its parties. Article 5 prohibits slavery, the slave trade, torture, and degrading treatment. The instrument gave regional legal force...

The election ended apartheid’s system of racially restricted political participation and brought the African National Congress to power. It followed a long liberation struggle and marked a decisive...

The Rome Statute listed enslavement among crimes against humanity when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack on civilians. The instrument created a basis for individual criminal...

Haiti was among the first places to mark the International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition. The observance centered the Haitian Revolution’s place in Atlantic history...

Gorée Island held an early observance of the remembrance day. The site’s memorial meaning has been debated by historians; its public commemoration nonetheless illustrates how African communities and...

The Protocol supplemented the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and defined trafficking in persons. It addresses contemporary exploitation rather than the historic Atlantic trade,...