UNESCO adopts the Declaration on Race and Racial...

United States enacts the Fair Housing Act

11 April 1968

The act prohibited discrimination in housing sales, rentals, and financing. It responded to a long history of exclusion, including segregation and discriminatory lending that constrained Black...

Treaty of Chaguaramas establishes CARICOM

4 Juli 1973

Caribbean leaders signed the treaty establishing a regional community for economic integration and foreign-policy coordination. CARICOM later became a platform through which Caribbean governments...

UN adopts the Apartheid Convention

30 November 1973

The General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. Its treatment of institutionalized racial domination as an international crime...

Angola declares independence from Portugal

11 November 1975

Angola’s independence followed armed anticolonial struggle and the end of Portuguese rule. African liberation movements linked sovereignty to resistance against colonial extraction; the ensuing...

Soweto students rise against apartheid education policy

16 Juni 1976

Students protested the imposition of Afrikaans in Black schools and the broader apartheid education system. Police violence and mass resistance turned Soweto into a global symbol of youth-led...

👉 UNESCO adopts the Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice Huidig

27 November 1978

The declaration rejected claims that race determined intellectual or moral capacity and condemned racial discrimination. It challenged pseudoscientific ideas that had justified slavery, colonialism,...

African states adopt the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights

27 Juni 1981

Adopted in Nairobi, the Charter recognized civil, political, economic, social, and peoples’ rights and expressly prohibited slavery in Article 5. Its language placed human dignity and collective...

Second World Conference to Combat Racism opens in Geneva

1 Augustus 1983

The Geneva conference reviewed international efforts against racism and racial discrimination, including the persistence of apartheid and colonial legacies. Its debates showed that formal bans on...

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights enters into force

21 Oktober 1986

After the required ratifications, the Charter became binding for its parties. Article 5 prohibits slavery, the slave trade, torture, and degrading treatment. The instrument gave regional legal force...

Brazil promulgates a constitution recognizing quilombo land rights

5 Oktober 1989

Article 68 of the Constitution’s Transitional Provisions recognizes definitive land ownership for descendants of quilombo communities who occupy their lands. This constitutional claim linked...

South Africa holds its first democratic election under universal suffrage

27 April 1994

The election ended apartheid’s system of racially restricted political participation and brought the African National Congress to power. It followed a long liberation struggle and marked a decisive...

UNESCO adopts the Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice

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UNESCO General Conference

scientists and social scientists

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UNESCO

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The declaration rejected claims that race determined intellectual or moral capacity and condemned racial discrimination. It challenged pseudoscientific ideas that had justified slavery, colonialism, and segregation, while placing responsibility on states and institutions to address racism.