UN adopts the Apartheid Convention

Newton and Seale founded the party to defend Black communities and confront police violence. Its platform connected self-determination, housing, education, and economic justice, bringing a global...

Barbados achieved independence after a history shaped by plantation slavery and British colonial rule. Its new government inherited economic and social structures rooted in sugar production and...

In Loving v. Virginia, the Court struck down state laws criminalizing interracial marriage. The case affirmed the Lovings’ challenge to racialized state power and rejected legal distinctions that...

The act prohibited discrimination in housing sales, rentals, and financing. It responded to a long history of exclusion, including segregation and discriminatory lending that constrained Black...

Caribbean leaders signed the treaty establishing a regional community for economic integration and foreign-policy coordination. CARICOM later became a platform through which Caribbean governments...

Angola’s independence followed armed anticolonial struggle and the end of Portuguese rule. African liberation movements linked sovereignty to resistance against colonial extraction; the ensuing...

Students protested the imposition of Afrikaans in Black schools and the broader apartheid education system. Police violence and mass resistance turned Soweto into a global symbol of youth-led...

The declaration rejected claims that race determined intellectual or moral capacity and condemned racial discrimination. It challenged pseudoscientific ideas that had justified slavery, colonialism,...

Adopted in Nairobi, the Charter recognized civil, political, economic, social, and peoples’ rights and expressly prohibited slavery in Article 5. Its language placed human dignity and collective...

The Geneva conference reviewed international efforts against racism and racial discrimination, including the persistence of apartheid and colonial legacies. Its debates showed that formal bans on...