Treaty of Chaguaramas establishes CARICOM

The act targeted discriminatory barriers that had denied Black citizens the vote, especially in the South. Its passage followed sustained local organizing and state violence against voting-rights...

Newton and Seale founded the party to defend Black communities and confront police violence. Its platform connected self-determination, housing, education, and economic justice, bringing a global...

Barbados achieved independence after a history shaped by plantation slavery and British colonial rule. Its new government inherited economic and social structures rooted in sugar production and...

In Loving v. Virginia, the Court struck down state laws criminalizing interracial marriage. The case affirmed the Lovings’ challenge to racialized state power and rejected legal distinctions that...

The act prohibited discrimination in housing sales, rentals, and financing. It responded to a long history of exclusion, including segregation and discriminatory lending that constrained Black...

The General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. Its treatment of institutionalized racial domination as an international crime...

Angola’s independence followed armed anticolonial struggle and the end of Portuguese rule. African liberation movements linked sovereignty to resistance against colonial extraction; the ensuing...

Students protested the imposition of Afrikaans in Black schools and the broader apartheid education system. Police violence and mass resistance turned Soweto into a global symbol of youth-led...

The declaration rejected claims that race determined intellectual or moral capacity and condemned racial discrimination. It challenged pseudoscientific ideas that had justified slavery, colonialism,...

Adopted in Nairobi, the Charter recognized civil, political, economic, social, and peoples’ rights and expressly prohibited slavery in Article 5. Its language placed human dignity and collective...