Barbados becomes independent

Thirty-two independent African states signed the OAU Charter in Addis Ababa. The organization supported decolonization and continental cooperation; its creation also gave African states a collective...

More than 200,000 people gathered to demand civil and economic rights. The march connected racial equality to jobs, housing, and labor, and drew on a longer Black freedom struggle against slavery’s...

The act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations and employment and authorized federal enforcement. It followed decades of organizing by Black communities and allies; legal reform did not by...

The act targeted discriminatory barriers that had denied Black citizens the vote, especially in the South. Its passage followed sustained local organizing and state violence against voting-rights...

Newton and Seale founded the party to defend Black communities and confront police violence. Its platform connected self-determination, housing, education, and economic justice, bringing a global...

In Loving v. Virginia, the Court struck down state laws criminalizing interracial marriage. The case affirmed the Lovings’ challenge to racialized state power and rejected legal distinctions that...

The act prohibited discrimination in housing sales, rentals, and financing. It responded to a long history of exclusion, including segregation and discriminatory lending that constrained Black...

Caribbean leaders signed the treaty establishing a regional community for economic integration and foreign-policy coordination. CARICOM later became a platform through which Caribbean governments...

The General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. Its treatment of institutionalized racial domination as an international crime...

Angola’s independence followed armed anticolonial struggle and the end of Portuguese rule. African liberation movements linked sovereignty to resistance against colonial extraction; the ensuing...