The FLN and allied villagers attacked police, military, and settler targets in North Constantine in an effort to break the image of a contained rebellion and draw attention to Algeria internationally. Some civilians, including European settlers, were killed. French forces and settler groups then carried out large-scale reprisals against Algerian civilians. Exact totals remain contested, and both the initial attacks and the vastly wider colonial retaliation must be described clearly.
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What was the aim of the 20 August 1955 offensive?
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Explanation
Historical accounts describe the offensive as a coordinated action intended to widen and internationalise the conflict.
The 1955 offensive and the subsequent colonial reprisals affected civilians.
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Explanation
Civilians were killed in attacks and in the far larger colonial reprisals that followed.